The Major Congressional Checks on the Presidential Authority

The Major Congressional Checks on the Presidential Authority Introduction The US government is tripartite, and its branches perform the critical role of performing checks and balances on one another to as a way of preventing any of the branches from overstepping its mandate.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Congressional Checks on the Presidential Authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the limits to presidential powers include a political culture that has as one of its characteristics features a distrust of government and an array of congressional checks on presidential authority, including the ability to approve presidential appointments, the laws that the president wishes to approve and the budget to the executive departments. This essay will examine the congressional powers in relation to checking on the presidency. How the Congress checks on the presidency The Congress has powers to check on the presidency in different aspects one of which is che cking on the budgetary allocations by the executive. The creation of a budget requires integrity given the massive amounts of cash involved, and as such, Congress ensures that the budget drafting process by the executive is both transparent and appropriate. The Congress performs this role by debating and approving or rejecting budgets depending on their perceptions of the budgetary allocations (Gitelson, Dudley and Dubnick 60). The president can only recommend a budget for congressional consideration, but the actual appropriation of funds lies in the hands of the Senate and House of Representatives. Congress can also challenge the treaties signed by the president is Congress feel that it is inappropriate. This issue has however attracted much debate centered on whether the president should have the final word on approving or discarding treaties. As noted by Gunter (354), these debates arrived at the conclusion that the president is not the only one affected by the treaties as an ind ividual and as such, granting the presidency the last word on treaties would be according it too much power as an individual, is not the one actually affected by these treaties on the ground. And as such, the president should not be the only one to decide the fate of treaties. Even though Congress lacks the force of law, there are numerous ways by which it can exact restrictions on a military operation, including the denial of Congressional authorization, disapproving resolutions and specific reporting requirements. These restrictions provide the Congress with opportunities to signal its opposition or the limits of its support and to impose political costs on the president and his senior advisors for pursuing intervention policies that deviate from Congressional preferences.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, Congress may threaten to vote on War Powers question, o r through complaints about the absence of prior consultation, insistence on extensive consultation, ons of US presidents who were impeached by Congress include President Johnson in 1868 and most recently, President Clinton in 1998. Another way in which Congress checks on presidential powers is through its capabilities to confirm or reject presidential nominees for executive and judicial positions. Before assuming office, the Senate has to debate the nominated candidates and based on the votes; a candidate may either be approved or rejected.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Major Congressional Checks on the Presidential Authority specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion The constitution gives the government authority to the government’s three branches each with its specific roles concerning the running of day to day governmental duties. Each branch is governed by a checks and balances system that ensures that all the three branches cooperate in making important decisions. This essay has explored various ways by which Congress checks on the executive. Ehrman, John, and Flamm, Michael. Debating the Reagan presidency. Lanham, MD: Rowman Littlefield, 2009. GÃ ¼nter, Gerald. Constitutional law. New York: Foundation Press, 1991. Gitelson, Allan, Dudley Robert, and Dubnick. Melvin American Government: Student Choice Edition. California: Good Cengage Learning, 2008. Heath, David. The Congress of the United States. Mankato, MN: Capstone Press.

Understanding Mayan Human Sacrifice

Understanding Mayan Human Sacrifice Why did the Maya perform human sacrifices? That the Mayan people practiced human sacrifice is not in doubt, but providing motives is part speculation. The word sacrifice is from the Latin and it is associated with the word sacred- human sacrifices, like many other rituals in the Maya and other civilizations, were part of a sacred ritual, an act of appeasing or paying homage to the gods. Grappling With the World Like all human societies, the Maya grappled with uncertainty in the world, erratic weather patterns which brought drought and storms, the anger and violence of enemies, the occurrence of disease, and the inevitability of death. Their pantheon of gods provided some perceived control over their world, but they needed to communicate with those gods and to perform deeds showing that they were worthy of good luck and good weather. The Maya performed human sacrifices during particular societal events. Human sacrifices were conducted at specific festivals in their annual calendar, at times of crisis, at dedications of buildings, at the ends or beginnings of warfare, at the accession to the throne of a new ruler, and at the time of that rulers death. Sacrifices at each of these events likely had different meanings to the people who conducted the sacrifices. Valuing Life The Maya valued life highly, and according to their religion, there was an afterlife so human sacrifice of people they cared for- such as children- was not perceived as murder but rather placing that individuals life into the hands of the deities. Even so, the highest cost to an individual was to lose their children thus child sacrifice was a truly holy act, conducted at times of crisis or times of new beginnings. At times of war and at rulers accessions, human sacrifices may have had a political meaning in that the ruler was indicating his ability to control others. Scholars have suggested that public sacrifice of captives was to display that ability and to reassure the people that he was doing everything he could to stay in communication with the gods. However, Inomata (2016) has suggested that the Maya may never have evaluated or discussed the legitimacy of a ruler: sacrifice was simply an expected part of the accession. Other Sacrifices Maya priests and rulers also made personal sacrifice, using obsidian knives, stingray spines, and knotted cords to draw blood from their own bodies as offerings to gods. If a ruler lost a battle, he himself was tortured and sacrificed. Luxury goods and other items were placed in sacred locations such as the Great Cenote at Chichen Itza and in rulers burials along with the human sacrifices. When people in modern societies try to come up with the purpose of human sacrifice in the past, we are prone to put our own concepts about how people think about themselves as individuals and members of society, how authority is established in our world, and how much control we believe our gods have over the world. It makes it difficult if not impossible to parse out what the reality might have been for the Maya, but no less fascinating for us to learn about ourselves in the process. Sources: Ardren T. 2011. Empowered Children in Classic Maya Sacrificial Rites. Childhood in the Past 4(1):133-145.Inomata T. 2016. Theories of Power and Legitimacy in Archaeological Contexts: The Emergent Regime of Power at the Formative Maya Community of Ceibal, Guatemala. Political Strategies in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. p 37-60.Pà ©rez de Heredia Puente EJ. 2008. Chen K’u: The Ceramic of the Sacred Cenote at Chichà ©n Itz. Tulane, Louisiana: Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI).

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Homework - Assignment Example The article is intended for handicapped hunters so they can continue hunting with the use of the Liberator. As reported, the Liberator â€Å"contains a movable mount that can be fitted with a single shot rifle, shotgun, or a cross bow. Odland and Schafer modeled the joystick control which moves the gun or bow up and down or side to side after the joystick found on modern wheelchairs. There is a tiny camera mounted behind the scope of the gun which projects the image of crosshairs and the target onto a video monitor the hunters can easily view from their wheel chairs† (Yankovich, 2010, par. 6). The author is actually an entrepreneur who owns a jewelry shop in Lowell, Michigan. He had first hand access to the information knowing Pete Odland personally from their common demographic location. The article provided relevant information as a unique and useful design to assist handicapped hunters in regaining mobility to enjoy what they love most. The innovative design was able to hel p hunters regain â€Å"the freedom for physically challenged people to â€Å"do it themselves†.

Human Rights in Saudi Arabia and its Representation in the Media Research Paper

Human Rights in Saudi Arabia and its Representation in the Media - Research Paper Example What is meant by this statement that the understanding of human rights within the Western world is something of a public relations game relates to the fact that the nations in which the West regularly integrates and has close business/economic interests are relatively unbothered by human rights complaints from the outside world. In such a way, the sad reality of the situation is that many nations within the Western and/or developed world have the unique opportunity to bring about societal and systemic change within nations that exhibit a very poor track record of human rights. However, rather than leveraging their respective positions as a means of bettering the lives of individuals the world over, oftentimes these nations choose instead to continue the beneficial relationships they have with oppressive and repressive regimes. ... In such a way, the author will attempt to analyze the current situation with regards to human rights and Saudi Arabia; analyzing the way in which human rights is portrayed in the media, both domestic Saudi media and world media, discuss the issue of censorship within Saudi Arabia, and analyze the means by which alternative media/social media has allowed the Saudi individuals, and those arguing for a greater degree of human rights liberalization, a platform in which to adequately have their message the past. Furthermore, as a function of analyzing each of these aspects, it is the hope of this author that reader will come to a more full and complete understanding of the way in which human rights are currently exhibited within Saudi Arabia as well as the means by which individuals within and without Saudi Arabia understand these can rights, and the level to which the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is willing to go in order to respond to the unique needs that are being exhibited within the King dom. Before delving directly into specific human rights abuses that Saudi Arabia is guilty of, it must be understood that Sharia law defines the way in which the nation’s judiciary operates. Ultimately, appreciating an understanding of the nuances of Sharia law would require a dissertation length response. However, for purposes of this brief analysis, it can and should be understood that Sharia law most necessarily refers to the law that is lain out in the Koran; Islam’s most holy book. Moreover, due to the fact that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia does not have a Constitution, the rights and privileges to which the accused is beholden is necessarily solely defined within the Koran.

In Defense of the Weak Essay Example for Free

In Defense of the Weak Essay Have you murdered anyone? How about you? We are all afraid of murder for this does not only voraciously end a life; it also leads the murder to a gruesome punishment legally and religiously. All religions uphold the sanctity of life and abhor the unjust ending of it. It is the belief of many that if one does not shun from evil acts, such as killing, he will burn in hell. We all hold these views but why is it that many of us are still pushing for abortion? Why is it that many pregnant women still view abortion as the ultimate solution to their problem? Is killing you child really a solution or a gruesome sin that you will have to live with for the rest of your life? For those who rally in favor of abortion, they contend that a child in the womb of a mother is not yet considered human thus; killing that child is still legal. Another contention of pro-choice people is the argument that the woman should have a choice with what happens with her body. Bearing a child is not an easy situation much more, carrying the child in the womb for nine months. This is a torment for the mother especially if the child is a product of sexual abuse or rape. The same argument goes true for teenagers who get pregnant at such a tender age. It is an ordeal for these women to give birth to a child which they did not plan of having. Pro-abortion advocates argue that giving birth to an unwanted child will not only destroy one life but two lives, that of the mother and the child. It is better to abort a child than to give birth to him and yet no adequate love, care and daily sustenance can be provided to him (Lowen). While these advocates may have a point, this is not sufficient to murder someone. Abortion is not just a normal medical procedure but a form of murder. Through abortion a frail child is put to death even before he is given the chance to see the world and fight for his rights. Similar to murder, there is treachery. The child is being deprived of his life without even knowing it and without having the chance to fight for the life that he has. True enough a woman has a right to make a decision for what happens with his body but this is only applies if she is the only one concerned. This does not apply if her child’s life is at stake. Once a woman becomes pregnant, there are already two lives involved because medically speaking the embryo is genetically distinct from the mother. Life is sacred and a gift given by God. No one has the right to end it, not even the parents of the child (Anderson). It is quite difficult to fathom why mothers would want to kill their own children but fear of murdering a man walking down the street. They see that ending the life of an individual who is capable of defending himself is more inhumane than abortion. I do not intend to foster the murdering of a man on the street in place of abortion. What I intend to emphasize is the fact that through abortion a mother kills her own flesh a blood without even giving that child a chance to defend himself. With regard to unwanted pregnancies, its must be remembered that it is not the choice of the child to be conceived. He was a product of the union of a man and a woman. Whether or not there is love, the child should not suffer the effects of such union. He is innocent of what happened thus, mothers should be as objective as possible in dealing with their children for after all, they are their own flesh and blood. Let us stop pushing for abortion and start caring for the lives of innocent children. They have not done anything wrong to be murdered. I believe it is about time that the crusade in favor of abortion end. Let us not foster the killing of children, instead let us help them fight for their rights and be given the chance to live the life they were given. References Lowen, L. Ten Arguments For Abortion and Against Abortion. About. Retrieved 5 May 2009 from, http://womensissues. about. com/od/reproductiverights/a/AbortionArgumen. htm Anderson, K. (1997). Arguments Against Abortion. Leadership U. Retrieved 5 May 2009 from, http://www. leaderu. com/orgs/probe/docs/arg-abor. html

The Concept of Metaphysical Liberalism: On the Philosophical Source o

The Concept of 'Metaphysical Liberalism': On the Philosophical Source of 'Liberal Democracy' ABSTRACT: There have been many discussions about ‘Liberalism’ in modern political philosophy. In this paper, I want to discuss the liberal principles of political philosophy on the metaphysical level. This includes the liberal mind, the liberal consciousness, and the liberal ethos, all of which are presupposed in our liberal behaviors, and in turn serve as fundamental principles in any multicultural society. I want to emphasize the liberal tendencies of self-criticism and of the critical way of thinking in European traditional metaphysics, such as Plato’s dialectics or Kant’s philosophy of criticism. The latter is also the logic of dialogue which produces an endless questioning of possible universal truths. I group these characteristics under the label ‘Metaphysical Liberalism’ and assess them from three standpoints: (1) critical agnosticism; (2) methodological falsificationism; and (3) pluralistic universalism. These three points enable us to remain self-conscious of the limitation of any kind of special theory or thought in order to prevent the emergence of any dogmatic belief-system. Such liberal attitudes that allow the realization of individual ideas and thoughts without any political coercion in turn sustain a democratic federalism that creates space for the expression of public opinion even while protecting such space. Such a situation, however, is possible only by educating ourselves in this metaphysical method. I. Liberalism, as Principle of ‘open society’ Nowadays, we are forced to live inworld where there are no barriers, in which the global exchange of information and communications between people have already becom... ... interfering, systematically speaking, it is valid to establish an impartial observance group in every organization, and to hold a deliberative organ there, in which all members can participate directly and make divided open discussions to solve inner problems caused in each section. But taking root in the tolerant and self-critical attitude of liberalism, is not solely possible by systematic improvement. I say again, this is only possible by the Kant’s words: ‘Revolution of thinking’, on the level of an individual’s consciousness, which means ‘Paideia’of philosophy, namely the education of liberal way of thinking in metaphysics. This philosophical education is not an ideal, but the indispensable task we are confronting with today. So I would like to emphasize that the completion of this task will make one of the universal frameworks to realize an impartial society.

Psychosexual Theory

Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue? | Psychosexual Development Theory The meaning of the psychosexual theory has nothing to do with sexuality or sex in terms of reproduction, but is referred to in meaning as anything that gives pleasure to the body such as a hug, taste, food, this is according to Freud. Freud believed that early childhood has an effect on the future life of person there are five stages he believed that a person went through physiologically and psychologically.The physiology is based on human instinct to survive, the psychology is the emotional/mental interpretation of the act and the pleasure that it provides. This was the birth of psychodynamics the link between physiology and psychology, the motivation behind the behavioural action. Freud’s psychosexual theory is based on child development from birth through to adult hood. The idea is the association betw een the physiological developments being linked to the psychological development in early childhood.The first stage is set at birth to 18 months, it is the oral stage, this area is based on the mouth and the need to eat to survive also coupled with the pleasure that follows through with taste, this is instigated by breasting feeding. Babies enjoy breasting feeding it is soothing, it feels good and it tastes good, this is the first pleasure that babies have. This stage focuses on the mouth as babies learn through taste; they put things in their mouths to learn. It is at this stage that a child learns that the mouth gives instant pleasure through taste and that food gives pleasure.Following the oral stage is the anal stage which is based on the anus; this stage normally occurs around 18 months to three years old. This stage is based on control, this is the control of the bowels being able to control when and where to excrete. The pleasure principle here is based around potty training, the emphasis placed on the child to control when they need to release themselves and the parent displaying expectation on the suitability and necessity of having control over the bowels and taking ownership of actions based around potty training.Depending on how this is executed the developing child will learn the control factor and get pleasure for being able to exercise their control over this. Stage three is the phallic stage this is from ages 3-5, at this stage the child starts to realise that there is a difference between boys and girls; it is here that the developing child sees a difference in their genitals relating to the parent from the opposite sex. Females start to become aware that they don’t have a penis and sense there is a difference in terms of strength between men and women.Males start to become aware that they are strong and have a sense of protection regarding their mother. This can be understood in terms that girls seek protection from their fathers and s ee their mother as a rival and this follows in reverse regarding sons and mothers. Stage four from ages 5 to adolescence is latency it is the lull stage where nothing further happens in terms of development in the psychosexual theory. Stage five genital stage this is the adult sexual phase, this is where the developing person experiences sex, romance, love, crushes and friendships.The relationship of the five stages manifested through to adulthood is as follows. During the oral stage should there be a disruption such as feeding was unsuccessful or issues to do with health pertaining to the oral area then it would manifest through the individuals behaviour resulting in direct issues regarding the mouth. The conflict here is weaning the child off the breast towards solid foods, if this process is handled in a less satisfying way towards the developing child, the outcome can be an anxiety lead habitual acts.This could result in chewing pencils, thumb sucking, gum chewing, smoking, over eating, not necessarily in an order but the idea is if an individual becomes fixated in the oral stage they may have some anxiety that would be displayed in one of the above actions. This stems from the idea that the individual was not breast feed enough or there was a disruption of some kind relating to feeding or weaning was unsuccessful and caused issues with feeding, due to this need not being met as an infant the need manifests itself in some other behavioural type.The anal stage relates to control and is the stage where the concept of potty training was either successful or not, resulting in the individual being either â€Å"anal retentive† meaning up tight and rigid when it comes to neatness and organisation. This is the idea that the individual enjoyed their potty training. On the other hand depending on how the training was administered. For if the child was not forth coming in their potty training or the training was not handled ppropriately or was very easy going and care free, the idea is that the individual would be disorganised, messy and have possible anxiety with anything to do with passing bowel movements. The phallic stage relates to relationships with the opposite sex through the understanding of the relationship between the individual and the parent of the opposite sex. This is the origins for the Oedipus and Electra complex stage. Boys tend to want to protect their mothers and come into conflict with their fathers as a means to assert themselves. Girls seek the protection of their fathers while they rival with their mothers for his attention.The child suspects that the same sex parent knows about their attraction towards the opposite sex and hates them for it. The latency stage is the stage of pure childish playfulness, there is no pleasure factor here but child growth such as school, play, fun and basic child features. The focus is on interacting and taking in their surroundings. This is based on repression driving from the stage prior to this one, because of the awareness but the lack of knowledge about the differences between male and females, the child tends to repress any thoughts feelings or concerns and so begins the latency stage.The genital stage is the sexuality process and the discovery of pleasure through the genitals, at this stage boys begin to masturbate and for some this can be uncontrollable. It is not uncommon for parents to reprimand a child for being caught too often with their hands down their pants. And the threats of castration are common to try and deter the boy from such impulsive acts. For girls the suspicion is based on their sexual development in terms of their physical being, breasts grow and the female form takes shape.In this way, and for such reason, the child’s feelings on the subject of his relationship with his parents, and their attitude towards his body and its future, may become divided. What Freud Really Said: An Introduction to His Life and Thought: 1965 David St afford-Clark: Hachette Digital: Location 1254 This theory is Freud’s theory and although it has come into must dispute and criticism it is a theory that may not necessarily be utilised to its fullness however not completely disregarded. The ID the Ego and the Superego These stages are portioned and governed by three powers of the mind that Freud believed to be within everyone.The ID described as the self, instinctual and primitive, the Ego understood as the mediator, intelligent and sensible, and the Super Ego acts as the conscience it is institutional and ensures ethical actions. The ID which is known as the pleasure principle the, I want, I need is the driving factor towards getting our needs met, this is the selfish mode which informs us that we are hungry, lonely, sick. This factor has no relevance in the how are these needs to be met, but rather in the fact that these needs are present and need to be fulfilled.The Ego facilitates the needs of the ID ensuring that it is i n line with reality and acceptable to fulfil those needs that the ID manifests, the ID creates the desire and the Ego works out how to get the desires met in balance with society and appropriateness. The Super Ego is the conscience the moral side of the mind, it ensures that the morality is in place throughout the drive from the ID’s desire to the Ego’s will to get the desires met in accordance to appropriateness, the Super Ego balances the morality and acts as a reminder that behaviour should be managed in a moral standing.This is the Freud analogy of the human mind and how it is motivated and managed by the individual. The oral stage is governed by the ID as this is the immediate survival stage such as feeding, then the Ego which develops during the oral stage which leads on to the next stage. By the anal stage the superego has develop hence the control over bowel movements and the potty training by a parent who may install certain values as to why big boys and girls use the toilet. By this stage the personality has now come into form.The main criticism of these theories are that it has never been experimented or deemed true by means of observation, it is all Freud’s ideas and thoughts on how the human psyche works, there is no evidence to prove it right or otherwise. The link between the psychosexual theory and adult neurotic behaviour Freud believed that any sign of neuroses stemmed from childhood, of which would indicate that there was a disruption or conflict during one of the five psychosexual stages.This basically links the idea that there was an issue of some kind during childhood and this issue has caused a lasting unwelcome effect on the future wellbeing of an individual. The disruption would take the form of some kind of conflict, during one or more of the psychosexual stages, which could lead to a behavioural transference neuroses or narcissistic neuroses. Due to Freud’s theory on the ID Ego and Superego the relationshi p between the three mind concepts is crucial to how the disruption or conflict was handled during the development of the psychosexual stages.Due to this concept Freud based his belief on neuroses being related to a particular trauma suffered during childhood. The psychosexual stages are guides to pinpoint the particular issue giving it a shape and a link to assist in understanding certain behaviours and the possible reasons behind them. Applying the Psychosexual theory to the presenting issue The idea is to link the presenting physiological behaviour to childhood growth of where there would have been a possible disruption or conflict.So a client with abandonment issues who has a tendency to over eat to the point where it is damaging to both their physical and mental health. The psychosexual link would lead towards their oral stage, suggesting that from birth to 18 months the transitioning from breast feeding to solid food was unsuccessful or held some form of conflict or disruption. The idea is that because the client has an eating disorder coupled with feelings of abandonment suggests that they are fixated within the oral stage. This would be a basis to first understand the client and their issue from an open point of view.Freud’s psychosexual theories have never been tested so to apply it in full would be irresponsible to say the least. Ethically the use of the psychosexual theory is not always recommended for it holds a lot of emphasis on a sexual related basis. However because it holds a possible understanding for which to build rapport and get to a level of understanding with a client, it should not be totally ruled out. The psychosexual theory can be used to understand a client but to the extent that it offers an understanding towards the presenting issue, however this could not be the case with every client.As Freud’s theories were limited to certain classes and groups of people, the ramifications may be similar in respect to other classes and groups of people but they may differ completely. Due to cultural difference and ethnic origin coupled with tradition and religion from the vast amounts of different people in the world. The childhood growth from one individual to another could be very different, whereas culturally in some areas of the world breastfeeding can last up until a child is 5 years old. How at this point is the psychosexual theory to be employed? How his form of childhood transitioning could be applied in any way to the psychosexual stages? The fact remains that due to its limitations of experimentation; it cannot be applied to everybody but instead used as a tool to better understand a client’s presenting issues. Issues such as OCD, over eating, anorexia, IBS, anxiety, phobias, grief, habits and addictions can all be linked to the past events or experiences of a client’s life. It may not necessarily be linked through the psychosexual theory but the link may very well be in the past holdi ng a strong relevance in some form to a past experience.For this reason alone the psychosexual theory can be used as an avenue to understand the client and the relationship between their presenting issue and their past. Here is where the psychodynamics of the clients frame work are interpreted and understood and possibly confronted and dealt with in order for the client and therapist to progress with some resolution. Criticisms of Freud The main areas of criticisms on the psychosexual theory and many other Freudian theories are that it has not been tested.All of Freud’s theories were based on his ideologies and internal beliefs, so it has no scientific creditability. No prognostic worth as to place the Oedipus and Electra complex on an individual that had an absent parent or was raised with same sex parents or in another less conventional family setting, how is their future behaviour to be determined. Freud based his analysis on the patients he had access to, this was not a w ide variety of individuals and many of them were middleclass wives suffering from hysteria. This is just a few of the many controversial views on Freudian theory.However along with these criticisms Freud claimed much recognition for his contributions to psychology. Before Freud there was no understanding of the mind and how it could possibly work, Freud opened the understanding to undertake that the human mind can operate on different levels. Freud gave birth to the importance of child psychological development and that children do have sexual feelings. Freud set the motion for the direction of psychology and the many areas of which can be explored, without Freud’s theories there was no basis for psychology and its possibilities.Freud gave direction and a starting point for many practitioners to base their understandings. Presenting issues and the psychosexual development theory The psychosexual development theory can prove useful in understanding a client’s presenting issue, but only as a tool to base an understanding. This theory gives a platform to further develop the client and therapist relationship, it holds not scientific value and is far too controversial to rely upon as a workable useable theory for practice. But it does allow for understanding and gives light to uncovering an issue using psychodynamic therapy.

Reasons of Accidents and the Ways of Reducing Accidents

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Definition of Total Quality Management (TQM) There are numerous, widespread, diverse and often fashionable initiatives that potentially help manufacturing organisations in implementing various best practices in operations management. Examples of these initiatives include total productive maintenance (TPM), total quality management (TQM), Kanban, 5S, six sigma, Kaizen and business process re-engineering (BPR) (Ashutosh Tiwari, 2007).These criteria is a success stories to implement in this initiatives and make everything is going well. Critical factor in the success of operations management projects is a fast but comprehensive analysis of the current practices or structure in the company (Ashutosh Tiwari, 2007). Table 2: Definition of Japanese Terms. Initiative |Core Ideas | |5S |Organisation and housekeeping (Hirano, 1996) | |TPM |Continuous improvement of equipment and processes (Campbell, 1995) | |TQM |Right first time (Oakland, 2003) | |Six sigma |Sy stematic and continuous improvement (Pande, 2001) | |JIT (Kanban) |Remove inventory buffers that prevent learning (Ono, 1988) | |Kaizen |Cost reduction through the elimination of waste (Imai, 1986) | |BPR |Reduction of complexity of workflow (Hammer, 2001) | Total Quality Management (TQM) has been accepted as a disciplined management process in industry in order to cope with the changes in marketplace and to focus on quality in both their products as well as their services (Venkatraman, 2007). While applying TQM philosophy to their organisations, some managers think that quality is driven by internal productivity programs or participative management programs which may deviate from their core business and customer focus resulting in cost overruns. But this is wrong perception by managers because with TQM all the process and product quality increasing and achieve â€Å"zero defect† purpose.However, quality cannot be inspected into an individual unit of the product after it has been made. The practice of inspecting products after they are made has, therefore, been replaced rapidly by the broader view that quality must be built into a product, from the design stage through all subsequent stages of manufacture and assembly. Because products are made by using several manufacturing processes, each of which can have significant variations in its performance even within a short period of time, the control of processes is a critical factor in product quality. Thus the objective should be to control processes not products. Quality has various meanings attached and the focus varies from one educational setting to another.Among the various elements of TQM, customer focus, process orientation and continuous improvements are the most common philosophies that have direct implications for teaching and learning in higher education (Venkatraman, 2007). The general definition of total quality management (TQM) as a philosophy that would enable an organisation consistently t o meet the needs of customers is accepted worldwide by manufacturing executives as a strategic concept for organisational survival. However, reaching the TQM destination is a continuing challenge for manufacturing executives (Nwabueze, An Industry Betrayed: the case of total quality management in manufacturing, 2011).Deming notes that everyone in the organisation from top to bottom, from office to technical services, from headquarters to local sites must be involved. He further suggested that people are the source of ideas and innovation, therefore, their expertise, experience, knowledge and sense of duty have to be harnessed to the benefit of the organisation (Nwabueze, An Industry Betrayed: the case of total quality management in manufacturing, 2011). Total quality management (TQM) principles and techniques are now a well accepted part of almost every manager's â€Å"tool kit’’ (Dow, 1999). Quality is to satisfy customers' requirements continuously; total quality is to achieve quality at low cost and TQM is to obtain total quality by involving everyone's daily commitment (W. H. Ip, 1999).Henderson gives a definition on TQM to include (Henderson, 1992): a) Total means: everyone in every function within the company accepts responsibility for the quality of his own output; b) Quality means: conformance to agreed customer requirements; and c) Management means: for any major business strategy, it is management led but with a strong involvement of employees. TQM has been described as a new model of thinking in business management, a comprehensive style to improve organizational performance and quality an alternative to the â€Å"management by control† and more recently, as a change of paradigm (Fco. Javier Llore? ns Montes, 2003).TQM is one of the numerous forms of management models or concepts that emerged and took form during the 1980s and 1990s, maybe even the most commonly used concept during this period. Management concept is not only th e toolkit for â€Å"trouble shooting† and improving organisation efficiency, but can also be seen as a symbol giving the organisations higher credibility. (Harnesk, 2007) Examination of the applicability of TQM concepts to product and service organisations suggests that there is evidence of greater ease of adoption, and more apparent success, within product based companies than with service based organisations, though there is no reason in principle why this should be so. A service organisation is as much dependant on satisfying its customers as a product company, if not more so.A service organisation such as an airline will be vulnerable to immediate customer dissatisfaction with such inadequacies of performance as lateness of arrival, off-handedness of staff and the disappearance of luggage. (Reavill, 1999) This sortie into the area of marketing mature products brings us back to the points flagged at the beginning of this paper, the small/ medium sized enterprises (SMEs), a nd the newly industrialised countries (NICs). With a mature product, a marketing strategy would be to increase the share of the current market, and to find new markets. (Reavill, New applications for TQM, 1999) There is also other development connected to TQM. TQM is a concept that has traditionally been connected to business life, commercial and industrial organizations for manufacturing and production.However, the domain of TQM is changing, and TQM has been applied also to public issues. Research has been conducted in the area of managing the third sector, such as non-profit organizations (Hudson, 1995; Lyons, 2001; Nutt and Backoff, 1992; Mertens, 1999). Reavill (1999) discusses the current status and possible future of TQM as a major management concept. Consequently, the different views of the evolution of TQM and the different views of the definitions of TQM generate problems both for those practitioners who are applying TQM, and for those theorists who are studying TQM. There are consequences when discussing the effectiveness, use and utility of TQM.The development of TQM implies new definitions, or modifications of existing definitions, for instance, the interpretation of the word customer. (Bjarne Bergquist, 2005) One of the main goals of a business is to stay in business and to be profitable to its owners. Other goals may be that the work environment should be good, that customers are satisfied, that the company has a good reputation and provides jobs. If the business is a loss, the other goals are of little value, as the business will go bankrupt. The big question for companies about to implement new strategies or working methods is thus often â€Å"Will it pay? † This is a difficult question to answer, but some have tried. Bjarne Bergquist, TQM and results as profit in commercial organizations, 2005) When studying the criticism against the use of TQM in the education sector, it seems that it can be divided into at least two different forms an d that the criticism emanates from different perspectives. One of these forms is the criticism of the transfer of concepts from one context to another. One example is the introduction of methods and adaptation to ways of thinking and values that were developed in goods producing companies. Another form of criticism is also connected to the transfer of TQM to a new area, but also based upon an ideological view. In this paper the use of TQM in educational organizations is seen as a part of an economization within the education area. Bjarne Bergquist, TQM in the educational sector, 2005) Increased customer sophistication and the globalization of business activities are forcing business organizations to re-engineer their cultures, operations and systems to support customer-focused and quality-driven competitive business strategies. Manufacturing organizations have successfully deployed total quality management (TQM) practices in support of strategic choices (Spitzer, 1993; Flynn et al. , 1995; Au and Choi, 1999; Tata and Prasad, 1998; Prajogo and Sohal, 2001; Powell, 1995). In this context, however, service organizations are still lagging behind their manufacturing counterparts in terms of their strategic commitment to TQM (Au and Choi, 1999; Dotzour and Lengnick-Hall, 1996; Sohal, 1994; Shortell et al. , 1995).The apparent reluctance of service organizations to utilize TQM based-strategies is alarming, especially in light of the increased significance of the service sector to national and global economies. (Mahmoud M. Yasin, 2004) [pic] Figure 1 A conceptual framework for TQM implementation and benefit in a service operational setting (Mahmoud M. Yasin, 2004) What is quality? There are various well-known definitions of quality. (Crosby, 1979) define quality as â€Å"conformance to requirement† while (Juran, 1980) define quality as â€Å"fitness for use†. Quality as â€Å"a predictable degree of uniformity and dependability at low cost and suited to the market† is more towards quality in operation (Deming, 1986).Many organisations found that the old definition of quality, â€Å"the degree of conformance to a standard†, was too narrow and consequently have started to use a new definition of quality in terms of â€Å"customer focus†. It is reported that many companies had initially concentrated all their efforts on improving internal processes with little or no regard for the relationships between those processes and the organization’s ultimate customers. This failure to include the customer focus had resulted in companies struggling hard to survive and resorting to fire-fighting situations. (Fincher, 1994) describe how quality perspectives have evolved in higher education over the years by going through a shift from experience to technique to style and finally to process.Quality as overall is to achieve customer needs and demand where must start in the beginning process of manufacturing to meet the re quirement and fit with the machine capability to get the quality output and of course should meet the standard of conformance. Quality has a variety of meanings and it range of meanings that will confusing each individual’s perception of quality but the important things is to achieve customer needs and satisfaction. Quality also as a key attribute that customers use to evaluate products and services which has emerged as a vital point of management focus in many parts of the world. The emergence of quality as a top priority in many corporate entities is primarily due to the globalisation of world trade and the competitive pressure brought about by the escalating demands of consumers, who want better products and services (Zairi, 2001).Quality is the increased awareness of senior executives, who have begun recognising that quality is a key strategic issue and an important focus for all levels of the organisation (Crosby P. , 2001). The implication of Dr Weller's action suggest that the chief executive's attitude to TQM must be â€Å"hands on† (Nwabueze, 2001). Because our attitudes greatly influence people around us, management's attitude tells employees what is expected of them and what they can get away with. On the basis of my analysis, a new model of leadership requirements for TQM in healthcare is proposed, can see Figure 1. (Nwabueze, Chief executives  ± hear thyselves: leadership requirements for 5-S/TQM implementation in healthcare, 2001) [pic] Figure 1: Model of leadership requirements for TQM in healthcare. Nwabueze, Chief executives  ± hear thyselves: leadership requirements for 5-S/TQM implementation in healthcare, 2001) Works Cited Ashutosh Tiwari, C. T. (2007). A framework for implementing cost and quality practices within manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Managemen , 732. Bjarne Bergquist, M. F. (2005). TQM: terrific quality marvel or tragic quality malpractice? , 311. Bjarne Bergquist, M. F. (2005). TQM and resu lts as profit in commercial organizations. TQM: terrific quality marvel or tragic quality malpractice? , 312. Campbell, J. (1995). Uptime: Strategies for Excellence in Maintenance Management (Step-by-step Approach to TPM Implementation). Productivity Press Inc. , 733. Crosby, P. (2001).Let's Talk Quality: 96 Questions that You Always Wanted to Ask Phil Crosby. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management , 290. Crosby, P. (1979). Quality Is Free. McGraw-Hill , 94. Deming, W. (1986). Out of Crisis. Cambridge University Press , 94. Dow, D. S. (1999). Exploring the myth: Do all quality management practices contribute to superior quality performance. Production and Operations Management , 25. Fco. Javier Llore? ns Montes, A. V. (2003). Factors affecting the relationship between total quality management and organizational performance. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management , 189. Fincher, C. (1994).Quality and diversity: the mystique of process. Institute of Higher Education , 94. Hammer, M. a. (2001). Reengineering the Corporation: A Manifesto for Business Revolution. HarperBusiness , 733. Harnesk, R. (2007). Management concepts and models. TQM: an act of balance between contradictions , 532. Henderson, G. (1992). The First Bank to Win a British Award. Quality Forum , 315. Hirano, H. (1996). 5S for Operators: 5 Pillars of the Visual Workplace (for your Organization! ). Productivity Press Inc. , 733. Imai, M. (1986). Kaizen: The Key to Japan’s Competitive Success. McGraw-Hill , 733. Juran, J. a. (1980). Quality Planning and Analysis. McGraw-Hill , 94.Nwabueze, U. (2011). An Industry Betrayed: the case of total quality management in manufacturing. The TQM Magazine , 400. Nwabueze, U. (2001). Chief executives  ± hear thyselves: leadership requirements for 5-S/TQM implementation in healthcare. Managerial Auditing Journal , 407. Nwabueze, U. (2001). Chief executives  ± hear thyselves: leadership requirements for 5-S/TQM implem entation in healthcare. Managerial Auditing Journal , 409. Oakland, J. (2003). TQM: Text with Cases. Butterworth-Heinemann , 733. Ono, T. a. (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-scale Production. Productivity Press Inc. , 733. Pande, P. a. (2001). What is Six Sigma?McGraw-Hill , 733. Reavill, L. R. (1999). New applications for TQM. What is the future direction of TQM development? , 296. Reavill, L. R. (1999). TQM, an established management. What is the future direction of TQM development? , 292 -293. Venkatraman, S. (2007). A framework for implementing TQM in higher education programs. Quality Assurance in Education , 93. W. H. Ip, K. C. (1999). Enhancing Manufacturing Information Management Through TQM. Logistics Information Management , 315. Zairi, T. T. (2001). A proposed model of TQM implementation based on an empirical study of Malaysian industry. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management , 289.

Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility Essays

Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility Essays Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility Essay Haniel Corporate Strategy And Corporate Responsibility Essay Corporate strategy is an important planning process within a company that links strategies with functions of corporation. Nowadays, social responsibility has developed rapidly and corporations are pressured to do their part in conserving social, economic and environment. Handel is now in the verge of integrating its social responsibilities into its corporate strategies for the group. Part of this process can be derived and analyzed from the case study which I have extracted to explain below. Handel is a family owned international corporation that has an ownership of ever 600 family members. Handel has Strong desire for low risk investment and had been looking for ways to diversify its current portfolio. At present, as a family run company, the family has decided to let outsiders to run the operation in order to be transparent on corporate governance and at the same time maximizing shareholder wealth. I think the management first challenge is to face Handels big group of diverse shareholders. Each shareholder will have different perspectives and references. As Handel employs external managers to run the business, the external team still needs o meet the shareholders demand from the shareholders meeting. Diversity of shareholders maybe resulted in many different objectives the shareholders wanted to deliberate, discuss or to be agreed and carried forward by the management. Sorting out the shareholders need and wants in accordance to priorities is already a huge challenge. : Engaging these shareholders to derive a clear policy on strategies is another challenge. Family members who are shareholders only meet at the shareholder meeting for briefing and finalizing several policies and time factor is the main constraint. Challenge can be observed from financial perspective. Handel commonly gives 25% of the Groups annual net income to family members. Family members are only accepted to sell or transfer Handel shares to each other to maintain the family owned corporation. This clause will under all circumstances plough away certain proportion of the profit from reinvestment in business. This clause also has made the matter worst when financial results showed reduction of profits and cash flow for the last few years. The financial overview as shown in the financial report highlighted poor performance from investments, dividends, profitability and cash flow etc. These challenges also lead to the management to seek diversification of its current projects to cut risks. Diversified and restructured portfolios are the aims given to its management. However, diversification will lead Handel to face another challenge for management as they need to source out for the right investment and business for entire Handel Group. This challenge is made more difficult in the poor global economic performance recently, and Handels team needed to handpick the right company for investment. As Handel now favors more small but innovative company who has yet to make its mark in the market, the worrying question is how many of them can really succeed. Handel is a family owned corporation, so it generally considers as safe investments and the managements have been avoiding venture capitalists. But in doing so, the management needs more attention to divest their investment in smaller investments and extensive monitoring, staffing and meeting may be required. Ill. THE ALIGNMENT OF HANDELS CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY STRATEGY AND CORPORATE STRATEGY Corporate responsibility and sustainability are both important roles for Handel to achieve higher competitive advantages in market. Corporate social responsibility seems a fundamental component of corporate strategy. It reflects that Handel focuses on its stakeholder and strategy. Through Handels survey, corporate social responsibility was regarded as a significant strategy for Handel Group where business life cycle Were observed, divisions played the importance of sustainability leading to an increase of media attention. Besides, Handel has five divisions that have different regional focus, business models and value chains. Each division also has individual corporate responsibility activities. Lately, Handel creates an umbrella function to take into account the new corporate responsibility for combine the adjustment of the business portfolio. The new corporate responsibility is a common corporate responsibility strategy and an explicit framework which can be aligned by adopting a common Handel value. Handel combined corporate strategy with corporate responsibility strategy rooted by Christian ethics and characterized by the representation of the respectable salesman. A common value will help to share common understanding between corporate strategic planning and corporate social responsibility planning. At the end of 2008 Handel created small team at the corporate center to align the corporate strategy with the development of the corporate accessibility strategy. This activity applied triple bottom line on Handels main corporation strategy which wanted the group to look into ups (product, planet and profitability), where product and planet belongs to corporate social responsibility. Handel harmonize the needs of environment, customers and company by applying corporate responsibility to corporate activities along the value chain and beyond the value chain. Handel Group Conference managed the corporate responsibility strategies reflected by the annual top management meeting. Finally, Handel has the Sustainability Council to ensure that corporate responsibility and corporate social responsibility are both aligned and systematically implemented. Handel is also aware of the understanding Of the sustainability strategy which gives benefits for stakeholders in order to align with its corporate strategy in long term goal such as expandable market consumption. IV. MEASURING INDICATOR FOR HANDEL Each division has different structures and roles but divisions can work together to focus on sustainable business. Handels corporate responsibility strategy follows people-planet-profit approach (UP). Therefore, I think this treated can be measured by the criteria of Global Reporting Initiative (GRID). GRID 3. 1 is the current tool for guidelines in preparing the report for sustainability. The criteria of GRID 3. 1 are used to evaluate Handels corporate responsibility strategy performance. I detect the ups strategy above will link to employees (appendix 1), added value chain (appendix 2), innovation (appendix 3) and charitable efforts. According to Labor Practices and Decent Work in GRID 3. 1, Handel improves internal education options introduced by an international management system. This system provides for employee raining (LAB, 10). Environmental and safety standards are also to be raised. Handel identifies potential sources of risk to avoid accidents (49). Next, Handel gives benefits of pensions for employees in order to make a good work-life balance (ALAI). Additionally, environment is an important issue nowadays; therefore, Handel understands to protect resources. The holding company provides a green car policy to reduce CA limitation (KNEE). Employees who take company car not only save money for yearly railways ticket but also contribute to their private pension. Green car policy is friendly tit environment (EN) in order to decrease fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emission (EN 18). Through Handels innovation, it optimizes sustainable balance and business model on service logistics, the recycling of raw materials, expansion of green products and transparency in the supply chain. These innovations support Handel to get customers satisfaction by reducing service trips. Handel also promotes human environmental awareness by recycling scraps. Handel focuses on global technical solutions (I. E. The product category of fish) by working with industry partners to prevent illegal behaviors (I. E. Legal fishing). Besides, Handel has contributions to society and economy (SEC 1 Handel has donations to schools and hospitals (I. E. In Disturb-Router). Handel also provides voluntary social benefits (I. E. Workers housing estate and company health insurance). Furthermore, Handel has collaborations with universities to offer practical courses. Handel suppor ts regional education projects by awarding scholarships (OSI These are some contributions that Handel should sustain these activities to raise its corporate responsibility strategy. Final, Handel should refer on criteria of GRID 3. 1 to enhance corporate sustainability responsibility. V. HANDELS SUSTAINABILITY SCORECARD In 2010, Handel focused on sustainable business associated with MA activities may require to find a new tool to measure sustainability. A new tool should measure whether Handel has fulfilled then necessary criteria Of the UP model. At that time, the project team mentioned a public value scorecard that links UP model into five dimensional frameworks (instrumental, financial, economic, political-social, moral-ethical and hedonistic-aesthetic values). Handel used sustainability scorecard to address internal and external perspectives from different stakeholders. Here, simple questionnaires are provided to stakeholders to collect viewpoints in order to improve environmental sustainability. In addition, sustainability scorecard can measure the value of financial contribution. Handel estimates risks and costs in product lifestyle to eliminate waste in the supply chain. Scorecards are used by employees and customers to evaluate Handels performance footprint. Moreover, sustainability scorecard is a measurable instrument with regard to political, moral, hedonistic and utilitarian aspects. Handel uses scorecards such as surveys, assessment or codes of product to understand social perspectives. Thus, Handel can make suitable decisions with corporate responsibility strategy. Sustainability scorecard is a significant part of corporate social responsibility. In recent years, multinationals and government organizations are using sustainability scorecards to focus on both quality management and environmental change as both are becoming a serious issue. Hence, supplier scorecards have been issuing in accordance with quality management and social compliance. Handel can apply the scorecards as a sustainable tool to achieve community engagement and fair labor practices. The scorecards are seemed to provide feedbacks and can also be used as source for data collection from stakeholders to assess energy use and other emissions. Handels sustainability scorecard is a suitable tool to measure sustainability for elaborate comprehensive corporate strategy. VI. THEORIES ABOUT CORPORATE ATTITUDES TO CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REPORTING Charles Handy emphasizes two main points concerning environmental and individual well-being. A business not only makes a profit but business is also expected to do something more and better. This activity becomes the actual justification for the business. Next, a company will get worse when it normally considers its employees as costs (not assets). The regularly purpose of a company is trying to minimize costs and grow assets. A good business is a community with a purpose, and a community is not something to be owned. According to Charles Handy. There are a lot of highly skilled employees, so they should be treated as assets. A good business should maintain and attract these employees to raise an efficient performance. Otherwise, Charles handy claimed that employees have contribution in production by their skills whilst stockholders have undistributed investments by their funds. Thus, a company is just fair when it pays dividends for both employees and stockholders. In fact, the company does not pay any dividends for employees and only provides more benefits of dividends for shareowner. A good company should create wealth community in workplaces to improve its performance. The company also base on the individual needs to engage its stakeholders. According to Muhammad Yuans, the purpose of social enterprises is trying to provide social responsibility to poor people who are in need of help, including revision of cheap price goods and services for poor people. A social business does not focus on profit minimization. It just serves products to everyone can use. Social enterprises provide products with cheap price to raise poor people at the bottom of the pyramid. This is also a strategy to branding and increase market consumption behavior (I. E. Deanne provides yogurt in Bangladesh). Besides, a social enterprise can reinvest what it earn in social business to increase facilities in order to provide jobs for employees in where it operates. Hence, poor people can improve their income in order to raise life level. Social business is not charity. It creates a system chain of making profits, reserving and recycling profits respectively to sustain its operation in meeting the objective of social responsibility. From Muhammad Yuans model to Charles Hands model, a corporation needs a social enterprise for balance in order to create new objectives. Social responsibility provides skills to employees organization as well as increases customers.

Chemistry Review of pOH Calculations

Chemistry Review of pOH Calculations Sometimes you are asked to calculate pOH rather than pH. Heres a review of the pOH definition and an example calculation. Acids, Bases, pH and pOH There are several ways to define acids and bases, but pH and pOH refer to hydrogen ion concentration and hydroxide ion concentration, respectively. The p in pH and pOH stands for negative logarithm of and is used to make it easier to work with extremely large or small values.  pH and pOH are only meaningful when applied to aqueous (water-based) solutions. When water dissociates it yields a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide. H2O ⇆ H OH- When calculating pOH, remember that [] refers to molarity, M. Kw [H][OH-] 1x10-14 at 25 °Cfor pure water [H] [OH-] 1x10-7Acidic Solution: [H] 1x10-7Basic Solution: [H] 1x10-7 How to Find pOH Using Calculations There are a few different formulas you can use to calculate pOH, the hydroxide ion concentration, or the pH (if you know pOH): pOH -log10[OH-][OH-] 10-pOHpOH pH 14 for any aqueous solution pOH Example Problems Find the [OH-] given the pH or pOH. You are given that the pH 4.5. pOH pH 14pOH 4.5 14pOH 14 - 4.5pOH 9.5 [OH-] 10-pOH[OH-] 10-9.5[OH-] 3.2 x 10-10 M Find the hydroxide ion concentration of a solution with a pOH of 5.90. pOH -log[OH-]5.90 -log[OH-]Because youre working with log, you can rewrite the equation to solve for the hydroxide ion concentration: [OH-] 10-5.90To solve this, use a scientific calculator and enter 5.90 and use the /- button to make it negative and then press the 10x key. On some calculators, you can simply take the inverse log of -5.90. [OH-] 1.25 x 10-6 M Find the pOH of a chemical solution if the hydroxide ion concentration is 4.22 x 10-5 M. pOH -log[OH-]pOH -log[4.22 x 10-5] To find this on a scientific calculator, enter 4.22 x 5 (make it negative using the /- key), press the 10x key, and press equal to get the number in scientific notation. Now press log. Remember your answer is the negative value (-) of this number.pOH - (-4.37)pOH 4.37 Understand Why pH + pOH = 14 Water, whether its on its own or part of an aqueous solution, undergoes self-ionization which can be represented by the equation: 2 H2O ⇆ H3O OH- Equilibrium forms between the unionized water and the hydronium (H3O) and hydroxide (OH-) ions. The expression for the equilibrium constant Kw is: Kw [H3O][OH-] Strictly speaking, this relationship is only valid for aqueous solutions at 25 °C because that is when the value of Kw is 1 x 10-14. If you take the log of both side of the equation: log  (1 x 10-14)  Ã‚  log  [H3O]  Ã‚  log  [OH-] (Remember, when numbers are multiplied, their logs are added.) log  (1 x 10-14)  Ã‚  -  14-  14  Ã‚  log[H3O]  Ã‚  log  [OH-] Multiplying both sides of the equation by -1: 14  Ã‚  -  log  [H3O]  -  log  [OH-] pH is defined as  -  log  [H3O] and pOH is defined as -log  [OH-], so the relation becomes: 14 pH - (-pOH)14 pH pOH

Effects of carbon dioxide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effects of carbon dioxide - Essay Example While the atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide, and it is something that humans and other living things do breath in at a constant rate, too much of it in our atmosphere is a bad thing. Carbon dioxide plays a role in the formation of greenhouse gases, herein creating the greenhouse effect (Luo, 1999). The greenhouse effect, in short, involves an atmosphere containing gases that soak up and emit radiation. Carbon dioxide makes up approximately twenty-six percent of the gases needed for a greenhouse effect to take place (Weart, 2009). When the greenhouse effect takes place, so does the concept of global warming; the two processes go hand-in-hand with each other, with the greenhouse effect leading to global warming. As aforementioned, carbon dioxide also has positive effects on the environment. The biggest one is the creation of oxygen. Plants absorb carbon dioxide, convert it to oxygen, and release it back into the environment. We, as humans, then breathe in the oxygen, and when we release the oxygen, it becomes carbon dioxide again. It becomes a never-ending cycle between plants and humans. Furthermore, carbon dioxide aids in the process of photosynthesis, feeding the plants and keeping them alive (â€Å"Carbon Dioxide†). Without carbon dioxide, there can be no photosynthesis of the plants, and therefore no food to keep them alive. Without living plants, there is nothing to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen for human beings and animals to breathe. We become dependent on each other to live. Again, it becomes a cycle that must be adhered